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Roman Republic

Res Publica Romana Roman Republic ← 509 BC – 27 BC → Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus Roman provinces on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, c. 44 BC Capital Rome Language(s) Latin (imperial), Greek (administrative) Religion Roman polytheism Government Republic, Oligarchic democracy Consul  - 509–508 BC Lucius Junius Brutus, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus  - 27 BC Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Legislature Roman assemblies Historical era Classical antiquity  - Rape of Lucretia 509 BC  - Caesar proclaimed perpetual dictator 44 BC  - Battle of Actium 2 October, 31 BC  - Octavian proclaimed Augustus 16 January Area  - 326 BC[1] 10,000 km² (3,861 sq mi)  - 200 BC[1] 360,000 km² (138,997 sq mi)  - 146 BC[1] 800,000 km² (308,882 sq mi)  - 100 BC[1] 1,200,000 km² (463,323 sq mi)  - 50 BC[1] 1,950,000 km² (752,899 sq mi)

The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government; a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, c. 510 BC, and lasted over 450 years until its subversion, through a series of civil wars, into the Principate form of government and the Imperial period.

The Roman Republic was governed by a complex constitution, which centered on the principles of a separation of powers and checks and balances. The evolution of the constitution was heavily influenced by the struggle between the aristocracy and the average Roman. Early in its history, the republic was controlled by an aristocracy of individuals who could trace their ancestry back to the early history of the kingdom. Over time, the laws that allowed these individuals to dominate the government were repealed, and the result was the emergence of a new aristocracy which depended on the structure of society, rather than the law, to maintain its dominance. Thus, only a revolution could overthrow this new aristocracy.

Rome also saw its territory expand during this period, from central Italy to the entire Mediterranean world. During the first two centuries, Rome expanded to the point of dominating Italy. During the next century, Rome grew to dominate North Africa, Iberia, Greece, and what is now southern France. During the last two centuries of the Roman Republic, Rome grew to dominate the rest of modern France, as well as much of the east. By this point, however, its republican political machinery was finally crushed under the weight of imperialism.

The precise event which signaled the transition of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire is a matter of interpretation. Historians have variously proposed the appointment of Julius Caesar as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the Battle of Actium (2 September, 31 BC), and the Roman Senate's grant of Octavian's extraordinary powers under the first settlement (January 16, 27 BC), as candidates for the defining pivotal event.